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The Use of Translation Methods When Translating News Headlines

Introduction
Distinctive features of news headlines
Formation of english neologisms
The Use of Translation Methods When Translating News Headlines
Common Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation
Peculiar Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation

1) The structure of news headlines often includes free word combinations. Thus, their peculiarities are worth considering when translating a headline.

In free word combinations words preserve their meanings. That is why when translating a free word combination it is necessary to know the translation of each of its components.

In case there are no corresponding linguistic items in the Russian language to the English ones the translation method to be used is called replication. Replication means that all the components of a word combination are rendered without any changes. Thanks to the method of replication there is a huge amount of international notions which are widely used in news headlines:

  • Shuttle diplomacy -- челночная дипломатия;
  • Vicious circle – порочный круг;
  • Head of the government – глава правительства;
  • Free economic zone – свободная экономическая зона;
  • Maldistribution of costs – неправильное распределение затрат;
  • Jobless rate – уровень безработицы:

«Jobless rate tips lower in France» – «Во Франции снизился уровень безработицы.» («International Herald Tribune»).

It should be noted however that replication does not mean mere mechanical rendering of the meanings of a free word combination components. These components often stay in complicated relationships with each other. Even the most simple attributive groups which coincide in their structure with the Russian combinations “прилагательное+существительное” (A+N: Adjective+Noun) can be difficult to translate because:

1.An English word (adjective in the function of an attribute) can be translated in different ways depending on the meaning of a noun that follows:

  • Public opinion – общественное мнение;
  • Public debt – государственный долг;
  • Public scandal – публичный скандал:

«Public debt of Lybia increases by 2,8 % over 8 months» – «Государственный долг Ливии увеличился за 8 месяцев на 2,8 % » («The Economist»).

2.The Russian variant bears a preposition:

  • Europian securiy – безопасность в Европе;
  • Stateless citizen – человек без гражданства;
  • Terrorist trial – суд над террористами;
  • Commercial revolution – революция в сфере рынка:

„Who is to be responsible for European Security?“ – „Кто должен нести ответственность за безопасность в Европе?“(„The Times“).

3. Components of an attributive group are shifted:

  • Working expectancy – ожидаемая продолжительность трудовой деятельности;
  • Administrative efficiency – умелое руководство:

«Crisis overcome due to administrative efficiency» -- «Благодаря умелому руководству кризис преодолен». («International Herald Tribune »).

2)News headlines can be well characterized by the frequent use of phraseological units. Phraseological units are more or less stable word combinations the meaning of which is determined by the whole unit but not by the meanings of each of its components:

  • It’s high time – давно пора;
  • Take your time – не торопитесь;
  • Help yourself – угощайтесь:

«A new delicious production of “Kaligula”: theatrical epicures, please help yourself» -- «Новая изысканная постановка «Калигулы» -- угощение для театральных гурманов» («The Daily Telegraph»).

British and American news headlines are rich in both figurative and non-figurative phraseological units.

Non-figurative phraseological units are also called fraseological combinations.

The components in them preserve their meanings but combine with certain words only, that is why it is impossible to change them ad arbitruim:

  • To take measures – принимать меры;
  • To make a decision – принимать решение;
  • To achieve results – добиваться результатов;
  • To pay attention – обращать внимание (свое);
  • To draw attention – обращать внимание (чье-то):

«Troops start storming school in Beslan – who makes decision?» – «Кто принял решение начать штурм школы в Беслане?» («International Herald Tribune»).

The translation of non-figurative phraseological expressions into Russian can be carried out in two different ways:

The 1st method – the expression is rendered into one Russian word:

  • To take a risk – рисковать;
  • To have a rest – отдыхать;
  • To take offence – обидеться;
  • To take a nap – вздремнуть:
  • «Does NTT general director take big risks?» -- «Серьезно ли рискует генеральный директор Эн-ти-ти?» («The Times”).

    The 2d method – a phraseological unit is rendered into equivalent combinations (absolute and relative):

    a) absolute equivalents:

    • shadow cabinet – теневой кабинет;
    • to hit the target – попасть в цель;
    • golden share – золотая акция;
    • to put an end to – положить конец, преодолеть;
    • the root of the trouble – корень зла;
    • to read between lines – читать между строк:

    “Terrorism – where root of trouble to be found” – “Терроризм – в чем кроется корень зла?” («International Herald Tribune»).

    b) relative equivalents:

    • to take into account – принимать во внимание;
    • to make a point – обратить особое внимание;
    • to jump at conclusions – делать поспешные выводы;
    • moment of silence – минута молчания;
    • ups-and-downs – взлеты и падения;
    • at the world's end – на краю света;
    • think tank – мозговой центр;
    • token strike – предупредительная забастовка:

    «Ups-and-downs of Rolex: brief outlook on history» -- «Взлеты и падения Ролекса: взгляд на историю компании» («Business Week»).

    All in all, to whatever extent the components of a phraseological unit might be semantically connected, the main rule when making a translation is to observe the norms of the Russian language and avoid literal translation and violation of the Russian set expressions.

    Figurative phraseological units are also known as idioms. Idioms can be often found in news headlines as well.

    An idiom is a set expression (conversational formula) the meaning of which does not arise from the sum of its components' meanings:

    • through thick and thin –во что бы то ни стало;
    • tooth and nail – не жалея сил, засучив рукава;
    • it's raining cats and dogs – дождь льет как из ведра;
    • to be caught red-handed - быть пойманным на месте преступления:

    «US guardsman caught red-handed» -- «Американский караульный пойман на месте преступления» («International Herald Tribune»).

    When translating idioms one ought to use their Russian equivalents. They can be expressed in the following ways:

    1) Absolute equivalents in case these expressions are international:

    • To shed crocodile tears – лить крокодиловы слезы;
    • To sugar the pill – подсластить пилюлю;
    • Lion’s share – львиная доля;
    • To play with fire – играть с огнем:

    “Hollinger accuses Black of “ethical corruption”: why for director to play with fire?” – “Компания «Холлингер» обвинила Блэка в «этической коррупции» : зачем директору эта игра с огнем?” («International Herald Tribune»).

    2) Relative equivalents in case when there are certain differences in a russian variant of a correspondent idiom:

    • Sword of Damocles – Дамоклов меч;
    • To show one's teeth – огрызаться;
    • To start business from scratch — начинать с нуля;
    • Whip-and-carrot policy – политика кнута и пряника:

    «Berlusconi to launch whipe –and-carrot policy in August» -- «Берлускони собирается развернуть политику кнута и пряника в августе» («The Times»).

    3) Utterly different Russian lexical items which are called phraseological analogues:

    • To make a mountain out of a molehill –делать из мухи слона;
    • By hook or by crook – не мытьем, так катаньем;
    • To hit the nail on the head – попасть в точку (не в бровь, а в глаз);
    • To beat about the bush – ходить вокруг да около;
    • To bark on the moon – ломиться в открытую дверь:

    «Strike in Libya: how long will the government beat about the bush?» – «Забастовка в Ливии: как долго правительство собирается ходить вокруг да около? » («International Herald Tribune»).

    4) By means of descriptive translation when there are no options in the Russian language:

    To show the white feather – проявить малодушие, трусость ( the expression «показать белое перо» does not convey an accurate meaning to the Russian language speaker);

    To have a skeleton in the cupboard (closet) – иметь личную или семейную тайну, скрываемую от посторонних:

    «Leroy chairman being accused of showing the white feather » -- «Директора компании «Лерой» обвиняют в проявлении малодушия» ( «The Independent»).

    From time to time phraseological units fully coincide in their components with free word combinations. In such cases it is necessary for a translator to keep in mind the context in order to maintain an accurate meaning and make an adequate translation:

    • To sit on the fence – сидеть на заборе, а также выжидать;
    • Red tape – красная тесьма, а также волокита, бюрократия;
    • Yellow pages – желтые страницы, а также желтые страницы как часть телефонного справочника с информацией об организациях;
    • Red herring – копченая селедка, а также отвлекающий маневр (to draw a red herring across the path – отвлекать внимание):

    “Hollinger Ltd: rivals claim chairman Conrad Black just sits on the fence” – “Холлингер: конкуренты утверждают, что директор компании Конрад Блэк попросту выжидает время ” («Business Week»).